CWAP-404 Certification Exam & Reliable CWAP-404 Study Guide

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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:

Section	Objectives
Protocol Analysis - 15%
Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods	- Select capture devices Laptop protocol analyzers APs, controllers, and other management solutions Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices) - Install monitor mode drivers - Select capture location(s) - Capture sufficient data for analysis - Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed - Capture roaming events
Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools	- Save to disk - Packet slicing - Event triggers - Buffer options - Channels and channel widths - Capture filters - Channel scanning and dwell time
Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions	- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets - Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets - Configure and display columns for analysis purposes - View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process - Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels - Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures - View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis - Use expert mode for analysis - View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis
Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting	- WLAN scanners and discovery tools - Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools - Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools
Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types	- Define the problem - Determine the scale of the problem - Identify probable causes - Capture and analyze the data - Observe the problem - Choose appropriate remediation steps - Document the problem and resolution
Spectrum Analysis - 10%
Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers	- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware - Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions - Understand and use spectrum analyzer views Real-time FFT Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views Utilization and duty cycle Detected devices WLAN integration views
Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues	- RF noise floor in an environment - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal - Sources of RF interference and their locations - RF channel utilization - Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications - Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference - Poor performing or faulty radios
Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures	- Identify various 802.11 PHYs DSSS OFDM OFDMA Channel widths Primary channel - Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures Frequency hopping devices IoT devices Microwave ovens Video devices RF Jammers Cordless phones
Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions	- AP-based spectrum analysis - Sensor-based spectrum analysis
PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%
Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)	- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) - HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) - OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) - ERP (Extended Rate PHY) - HT (High Throughput) - VHT (Very High Throughput) - HE (High Efficiency) HE SU PPDU HE MU PPDU HE ER SU PPDU HE TB PPDU HE NULL data packets
Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data
Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers	- Pseudo-Header formats Radiotap Per Packet Information (PPI) - Key pseudo-header content Guard intervals Resource units allocation PPDU formats Signal strength Noise Data rate and MCS index Length information Channel center frequency or received channel Channel properties
Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types	- Supported PHYs - Supported spatial streams
MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%
Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation	- Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)
Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis	- Management, Control, and Data frames - MAC frame formats and contents Frame Control field To DS and From DS fields Address fields Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field - 802.11 Management frame formats Information Elements Authentication Association and Reassociation Beacon Prove Request and Probe Response - Data and QoS Data frame formats - 802.11 Control frame formats Acknowledgement (ACK) Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) Block Acknowledgement and related frames Trigger frames VHT/HE NDP announcements Multiuser RTS
Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis	- Country code - Minimum basic rate - Supported rates and coding schemes - Beacon interval - WMM settings - RSN settings - HT/VHT/HE operations - Channel width - Primary channel - Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs
Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames
WLAN Medium Access - 10%
Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs	- Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) copyright Sense (CS) and Energy Detect (ED) Network Allocation Vector (NAV) Contention Windows (CW) and random backoff Interframe spacing - Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) EDCA Function (EDCAF) Access Categories and Queues Arbitration Interframe Space Number (AIFSN) - Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) WMM parameters WMM-Power Save WMM-Admission Control
Analyze QoS configuration and operations	- Verify QoS parameters in capture files - Ensure QoS is implemented end-to-end
802.11 Frame Exchanges - 30%
Capture, understand, and analyze BSS discovery and joining frame exchanges	- BSS discovery - 802.11 Authentication and Association - 802.1X/EAP exchanges - Pre-Shared Key authentication - Four-way handshake - Group key exchange - Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) - Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) - WPA2 and WPA3 - Fast secure roaming mechanisms Fast BSS Transition (FT) roaming exchanges Pre-FT roaming exchanges - Neighbor discovery (802.11k/v) - Hotspot 2.0 protocols and operations from the client access perspective ANQP Initial access
Analyze roaming behavior and resolve problems related to roaming	- Sticky clients - Excessive roaming - Channel aggregation for roaming analysis
Analyze data frame exchanges	- Data frames and acknowledgement frames - RTS/CTS data frame exchanges - QoS Data frame exchanges - Block Acknowledgement exchanges

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CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q126-Q131):

NEW QUESTION # 126
You are using the real-time FFT display of a spectrum analyzer. In what domain does this show the RF energy detected in the swept frequencies?

A. Time
B. Length
C. Frequency
D. Phase

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 127
When configuring a long term, forensic packet capture and saving all packets to disk which of the following is not a consideration?

A. Individual trace file size
B. Analyzer location
C. Total capture storage space
D. Real-time packet decodes

Answer: D

Explanation:
Real-time packet decodes are not a consideration when configuring a long-term, forensic packet capture and saving all packets to disk. Real-time packet decodes are useful for live analysis and troubleshooting, but they consume CPU and memory resources that could affect the performance of the capture process. For a long-term, forensic packet capture, it is more important to consider the analyzer location, the total capture storage space, and the individual trace file size. These factors affect the quality and quantity of the captured packets and the ease of post-capture analysis.

NEW QUESTION # 128
How does a VoIP Phone, using WMM Power Save, request data frames buffered at the AP?

A. The VoIP phone transmits a WMM Action frame
B. The VoIP phone transmits a trigger frame, which is a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame
C. The VoIP phone sets the More Data bit in the MAC Header to 1
D. The VoIP phone transmits a PS-Poll frame

Answer: B

Explanation:
Explanation
A VoIP phone, using WMM Power Save, requests data frames buffered at the AP by transmitting a trigger frame, which is a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame. WMM Power Save is a power saving mode that allows a STA (station) to conserve battery power by periodically sleeping and waking up. WMM Power Save is based on WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia), which is a QoS (Quality of Service) enhancement that provides prioritized and differentiated access to the medium fordifferent types of traffic. When a STA sleeps, it cannot receive any data frames from the AP, so it informs the AP of its power save status by setting a bit in its MAC header. The AP then buffers any data frames destined for the sleeping STA until it wakes up. When a STA wakes up, it sends a trigger frame to the AP, indicating its AC (Access Category), which is a logical queue that corresponds to its QoS level. A trigger frame can be either a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame, depending on whether it has any payload or not. The AP then responds with one or more data frames from the same AC as the trigger frame, followed by an ACK or BA (Block Acknowledgement) frame from the STA. The other options are not correct, as they are not used by a VoIP phone using WMM Power Save to request data frames buffered at the AP. A PS-Poll (Power Save Poll) frame is used by a STA using legacy power save mode, not WMM Power Save mode, to request data frames buffered at the AP. A PS-Poll frame does not indicate any AC or QoS information. Setting the More Data bit in the MAC header to 1 does not request any data frames from the AP, but indicates that there are more data frames to be sent by the STA or received by the STA.
Transmitting a WMM Action frame does not request any data frames from the AP, but performs various management actions related to WMM features, such as admission control, parameter update, etc. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page
198-199

NEW QUESTION # 129
Which one of the following is not a valid acknowledgement frame?

A. Block Ack
B. Ack
C. CTS
D. RTS

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
RTS is not a valid acknowledgement frame. RTS stands for Request To Send, and it is a control frame that is used to initiate an RTS/CTS exchange before sending a data frame. The purpose of an RTS/CTS exchange is to reserve the medium for a data transmission and avoid collisions with hidden nodes. An acknowledgement frame is a control frame that is used to confirm the successful reception of a data frame or a block of data frames. The valid acknowledgement frames are CTS (Clear To Send), Ack (Acknowledgement), and Block Ack (Block Acknowledgement) . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 186; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 187; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 189; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 190.

NEW QUESTION # 130
Which statements accurately describe IEEE 802.11 EDCA collision handling in a WMM-compliant infrastructure WLAN? (Choose 2)

A. After frames collide within a QoS STA and the lower priority AC subsequently gains a TXOP, the retry bit in the MAC header must be set to 1 to indicate a retry.
B. Collisions between contending EDCAFs within a QoS STA are resolved within the QoS STA
C. When a frame transmission on the wireless medium fails, the transmitter may not transmit another frame from any AC or to any destination until the frame experiencing a failure is successfully transmitted or the max retry count for that frame is reached.
D. The WMM specification requires use of RTS/CTS as part of the EDCAF within each QoS STA to avoid internal collisions between ACs.
E. When frames collide within a QoS STA, data frames from lower priority ACs behave (as it relates to contention) as if there were an external collision on the wireless medium.

Answer: B,E

NEW QUESTION # 131
......

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CWAP-404 CERTIFICATION EXAM & RELIABLE CWAP-404 STUDY GUIDE

CWAP-404 Certification Exam & Reliable CWAP-404 Study Guide